The academy said the 55-year-old Krugman "integrated the previously disparate research fields of international trade and economic geography."
Krugman, a professor at Princeton University in New Jersey, graduated from Yale University in 1974 with a bachelor's degree and received a doctorate from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1977.
The economics prize is officially called the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, which was created in 1968 by the Swedish central bank.