The U.S. Geological Survey said the quake hit around 1 p.m. (5 a.m. EDT) and had a preliminary magnitude of 5.9. It was centered northeast of the Chechen capital, Grozny.
Russian news agencies said the temblor was felt throughout the North Caucasus. Interfax said the quake rattled Grozny for more than 30 seconds.
Russia's Caucasus Mountain region sees occasional earthquakes. Most buildings are not reinforced against severe structural shocks and even small quakes can cause serious damage.
Regional emergency officials said there were no immediate reports of structural damage, deaths or injuries from the quake, but workers were still gathering information from remote regions.