Because wind does not blow all the time, wind power is an “intermittent” technology that needs other power as back-up to ensure that the lights stay on. Currently, wind capacity is backed up by existing fossil fuel capacity (natural gas or coal), but Britain has determined that it will need an additional 17 natural-gas powered plants to keep the lights on by 2020. The generators that will be used when the wind does not blow will cost UK consumers 10 billion pounds.[i] To cover the cost of this additional standby capacity, the utility companies are asking for capacity paymentsthat will be charged year round. In other words, consumers will need to pay for the heavily subsidized wind power and then pay again for capacity built to back-up wind in order to keep the electricity on. The back-up units will be needed by 2020 when Britain expects to get almost one-third of its electricity generation from renewable energy, mainly windpower. Also by 2020, most of Britain’s nuclear plants, old gas-fired plants and coal-fired power plants are planned to be closed, providing a 30 percent energy gap that new nuclear and wind power units are expected to fill.[ii]
Issues with Wind Power
As one analyst indicates the British “Government’s obsession with wind turbines is one of the greatest political blunders of our time.” Britain is committed to generate nearly a third of its electricity from renewable sources by the end of the decade based on an agreement with the European Union to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. He notes that:
- Wind mills produce only a small fraction of their rated capacity. For example, a 350 foot wind mill near a major highway outside of Reading performed so poorly (generating just 15 percent of its capacity) that the 130,000 ($208,000) government subsidy given to its owners was more than the 100,000 ($160,000) of electricity it produced in 2010. Not only is the capacity factor low, but there are times when wind power output is miniscule. The British found that its 3,500 turbines could barely operate during the weeks around Christmas when electricity demand was at record levels, but the wind turbines did not work because of the freezing temperatures.
- Because of the high cost of wind turbines, they need to be heavily subsidized. The Renewables Obligation Certificate subsidy allows owners of wind turbines to earn an additional 49 ($78) for every “megawatt hour” they produce onshore, and twice that amount for offshore turbines.
- The carbon dioxide emissions reduction from generating electricity from wind turbines rather than fossil fuel plants is insignificant, counteracting the original reason for constructing wind power. For example, one large wind farm in Britain saves considerably less in a year than is given off by a single jumbo jet flying daily between Britain and America.[iii]
Cycling of Fossil Plants
The later point above brings up the issue of cycling where natural gas and coal-fired generators are ramped up or down to coincide with the varying generation from wind turbines. Because these fossil fuel technologies can be base-load power, they are run most efficiently at a steady load. When they are forced to increase or decrease their load to accommodate the changes in wind output, which can occur minute by minute, their efficiency is reduced dramatically. The ramping up and down of these generators results in more fuel burned than when they operate in steady state, resulting in more carbon dioxide emissions.[iv] Some liken this phenomenon to stop-and-go traffic that results in more motor fuel consumed on the highway than when the vehicle is operated at a steady speed. Generally the carbon savings claimed due to generation from wind power does not take into account this concept of cycling.
Work of Dutch scientists suggests that these efficiency losses may result in wind energy causing increased fossil fuel use and carbon dioxide emissions. Some believe that more carbon emissions would be saved if all wind turbines were to be shut down and replaced by the back-up fossil fuel stations operating in their most efficient state.[v]
Some Wind Farm Opposition
Thus, it is not very surprising that there is opposition to building wind farms in Britain and that not all proposals have been successful. Some recent ones follow:
- An application for four 130.5-metre-high wind turbines on a site in Woolley Hill, Ellington, was rejected by the development management planning panel because of visual harm to the surrounding landscape, road safety on the A14/A1 junction and numerous environmental concerns. However, an appeal is expected to be launched by the developer.[vi]
- An application for a nine turbine wind installation close to the southern border of Exmoor National Park was turned down unanimously by the planning council after a five-year battle.[vii]
- An unprecedented banning order turned off wind generators because residents living near the 23 turbines claimed that the noise pollution from the constant whirring of the blades made their lives a misery. While the closure lasted for only a few days, the power company is supposed to make provisions to reduce the problem or the ban could be re-imposed costing the company thousands of pounds. It is believed that similar action may be taken by residents living near other wind farms.[viii]
Conclusion
Wind power is an intermittent electricity generation power source that requires back-up power from fossil burning facilities when the wind does not blow or freezing temperatures, as was the case in Britain last December, result in their not being able to generate power. So far, wind developers have been able to construct their wind farms without having to deal with the need for back-up power because sufficient fossil fuel generating power exists. However, it has been determined in Britain, that their goal of almost one-third renewable generation, mostly wind power, by 2020 cannot be met without an additional 17 natural gas-fired plants as back-up power.
The power companies that will need to build those plants and run them on standby want a capacity payment to pay for the cost of those units. So, taxpayers and consumers will be paying for the wind power, their subsidies, and the standby power that is needed to keep the lights on. And, some believe there is no net gain in emissions because the ramping up and down of the fossil fuel plants causes more fuel to be burned and more carbon dioxide to be emitted than running the fossil units in steady state.
How long will it take for politicians to get wise to wind power?
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